Linux Complete Tutorial

 

🐧 Linux Complete Tutorial (Beginner → Advanced)

🔹 1. Linux क्या है?

Linux एक open-source operating system है, जिसका मतलब है:

  • इसका code कोई भी देख सकता है और modify कर सकता है
  • यह free होता है
  • बहुत fast, secure और stable है

👉 Use होता है:

  • Servers (Google, Facebook, Amazon)
  • Cloud (AWS, Azure)
  • Mobile (Android भी Linux kernel पर based है)
  • DevOps & Programming

🔹 2. Linux Distribution (Distro)

Linux खुद kernel है, लेकिन जो हम use करते हैं वो distro होता है।

Popular Distros:

  • Ubuntu (Beginner friendly 👍)
  • Debian
  • Fedora
  • CentOS / RHEL (Server use)
  • Kali Linux (Hacking / Security)

👉 Beginner के लिए: Ubuntu best है

🔹 3. Linux Architecture

Linux 4 main parts में divided है:

  1. Kernel – OS का brain
  2. Shell – user और kernel के बीच interface
  3. File System – data structure
  4. Utilities – commands/tools

🔹 4. Linux File System

Linux में सब कुछ file है 📁

Important Directories:

  • / → Root directory
  • /home → Users data
  • /etc → Configuration files
  • /bin → Basic commands
  • /var → Logs
  • /tmp → Temporary files

🔹 5. Basic Commands (Most Important ⚡)

pwd        # current directory
ls         # list files
cd         # change directory
mkdir      # create folder
rmdir      # delete folder
touch      # create file
rm         # delete file
cp         # copy
mv         # move/rename

🔹 6. File Permissions 🔐

Linux में 3 types होते हैं:

  • User (u)
  • Group (g)
  • Others (o)

Permissions:

  • r → read
  • w → write
  • x → execute

👉 Example:

chmod 777 file.txt
chmod 755 script.sh

👉 Ownership:

chown user:group file.txt

🔹 7. Archiving & Compression

tar -cvf file.tar folder/
tar -xvf file.tar

gzip file.txt
gunzip file.txt.gz

zip file.zip file.txt
unzip file.zip

🔹 8. Package Management

Ubuntu:

sudo apt update
sudo apt install nginx
sudo apt remove nginx

CentOS/RHEL:

yum install nginx
dnf install nginx

🔹 9. User Management 👤

useradd amit
adduser amit
passwd amit
userdel amit

👉 Check user:

id amit

👉 Sudo access:

sudo usermod -aG sudo amit

🔹 10. Group Management

groupadd dev
groupdel dev
usermod -aG dev amit

🔹 11. Networking 🌐

ifconfig
ip a
ping google.com
netstat
ss
traceroute google.com

👉 Network manager:

nmcli

🔹 12. Firewall 🔥

sudo ufw enable
sudo ufw allow 80
sudo ufw status

🔹 13. Process Management ⚙️

ps
top
htop
kill PID
nice

👉 Background jobs:

bg
fg

🔹 14. System Monitoring 📊

df -h     # disk
du -sh    # folder size
free -m   # RAM
uptime    # system load
lscpu     # CPU info

🔹 15. Systemd & Services

systemctl start nginx
systemctl stop nginx
systemctl restart nginx
systemctl status nginx

👉 Logs:

journalctl

🔹 16. Shell Scripting 🧠

Basic Script:

#!/bin/bash
echo "Hello World"

Run:

chmod +x script.sh
./script.sh

Variables:

name="Amit"
echo $name

Conditions:

if [ $a -gt 10 ]
then
  echo "Greater"
fi

Loop:

for i in 1 2 3
do
  echo $i
done

🔹 17. Bash Advanced

  • Functions
  • Arrays
  • Input/Output
  • Automation scripts

🔹 18. Linux in DevOps 🚀

Use होता है:

  • Docker
  • Kubernetes
  • CI/CD pipelines
  • Automation scripts

🔹 19. Practical Tasks

✔ SSH enable
✔ Nginx install
✔ SCP file transfer
✔ VMware में Ubuntu install

🔹 20. Linux Cloud ☁️

  • AWS EC2 (Linux server)
  • Azure VM
  • Google Cloud

🔹 21. Interview Questions (Important 🔥)

  • Linux क्या है?
  • Kernel क्या करता है?
  • chmod vs chown
  • Process vs thread
  • top vs ps
  • Shell scripting क्या है?

🔹 22. Career Scope 💼

Linux सीखकर:

  • System Admin
  • DevOps Engineer
  • Cloud Engineer
  • Cyber Security

🔹 23. Learning Roadmap (Best तरीका)

👉 Step-by-step:

  1. Basic commands सीखो
  2. File system समझो
  3. Permissions सीखो
  4. Networking
  5. Shell scripting
  6. Projects करो

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