Bharat ka Samvidhan: complete GK notes
Banne ka itihaas, Preamble, Fundamental Rights, Schedules, important Amendments aur practice questions. SSC, Railway, Banking, State PCS aur sabhi competitive exams ke liye.
Samvidhan kaise bana
| Baat | Detail |
|---|---|
| Constituent Assembly ka gathan | 1946, Cabinet Mission Plan ke tehat |
| Pehli baithak | 9 December 1946 |
| Adhyaksh (President) | Dr. Rajendra Prasad (11 December 1946 se) |
| Asthayi adhyaksh | Dr. Sachchidananda Sinha |
| Drafting Committee | 29 August 1947, Chairman Dr. B. R. Ambedkar |
| Samvidhan adopt hua | 26 November 1949 (Samvidhan Diwas) |
| Lagu hua | 26 January 1950 (Ganatantra Diwas) |
| Kul samay | 2 saal 11 mahine 18 din |
| Shuruaati roop | 395 Articles, 22 Parts, 8 Schedules |
| Ab | 25 Parts, 12 Schedules (Articles ki ginti sources mein alag-alag milti hai) |
Ye duniya ka sabse lamba likhit Samvidhan mana jata hai. Original copy haath se likhi gayi thi (Prem Behari Narain Raizada ne) aur uske pages ki sajaavat Nandalal Bose aur unke shishyon ne ki.
Kis desh se kya liya gaya
| Desh | Kya liya |
|---|---|
| Britain | Sansadiya pranali, Rule of Law, ek nagarikta |
| USA | Maulik Adhikar, Nyayik Samiksha, swatantra nyayapalika, Rashtrapati par mahabhiyog |
| Ireland | Rajya ke Neeti Nirdeshak Tatva (DPSP), Rajya Sabha mein manonayan |
| Canada | Majboot Kendra wala sangh, avshisht shaktiyan Kendra ke paas |
| Australia | Samvarti suchi, sanyukt baithak |
| Germany (Weimar) | Aapatkal mein Maulik Adhikaron ka nilamban |
| USSR | Maulik Kartavya |
| France | Ganatantra, Swatantrata-Samanta-Bandhutva ke adarsh |
| South Africa | Samvidhan sanshodhan ki prakriya |
| Japan | "Vidhi dwara sthapit prakriya" |
Preamble (Prastavana)
Preamble Samvidhan ka parichay hai. Ye "Hum, Bharat ke log" se shuru hota hai, yaani satta ka srot janta hai.
- 5 shabd: Sampurna Prabhutva Sampann, Samajwadi, Panthnirpeksh, Loktantratmak, Ganrajya.
- Samajwadi, Panthnirpeksh aur Akhandta shabd 42wen Sanshodhan (1976) se jode gaye. Ye ab tak ka sirf ek sanshodhan hai jo Preamble mein hua.
- 4 uddeshya: Nyay, Swatantrata, Samanta, Bandhutva.
- Kesavananda Bharati case (1973): Supreme Court ne kaha ki Preamble Samvidhan ka hissa hai.
- Preamble court mein seedha lagu nahi karwaya ja sakta.
Maulik Adhikar (Part III, Articles 12 se 35)
| Adhikar | Articles | Mukhya baat |
|---|---|---|
| Samanta ka adhikar | 14 se 18 | Kanoon ke saamne barabari, chhuachhut ka ant (Art. 17), upadhiyon ka ant (Art. 18) |
| Swatantrata ka adhikar | 19 se 22 | Bolne ki azaadi, ghoomne ki azaadi, jeevan aur vyaktigat swatantrata (Art. 21) |
| Shoshan ke viruddh adhikar | 23 aur 24 | Begar aur maanav vyapar par roka, 14 saal se kam bachon ko khatarnak kaam par rokna |
| Dharm ki swatantrata | 25 se 28 | Apna dharm manne aur prachar ki azaadi |
| Sanskritik aur shaikshik adhikar | 29 aur 30 | Alpsankhyakon ko apni bhasha aur sansthaon ka adhikar |
| Sanvaidhanik upchar ka adhikar | 32 | Seedha Supreme Court jaana. Ambedkar ne ise Samvidhan ki "atma" kaha |
Yaad rakho: Sampatti ka adhikar (Art. 31) 44wen Sanshodhan (1978) se Maulik Adhikar se hata diya gaya. Ab ye Art. 300A ke tehat sirf kanooni adhikar hai. Art. 21A (6 se 14 saal ke bachon ko muft shiksha) 86wen Sanshodhan (2002) se joda gaya.
5 Writs (Art. 32 aur 226): Habeas Corpus, Mandamus, Prohibition, Certiorari, Quo Warranto.
DPSP aur Maulik Kartavya
- DPSP: Part IV, Articles 36 se 51. Ye sarkar ke liye margdarshak siddhant hain aur court mein lagu nahi karwaye ja sakte. Lakshya: kalyankari rajya.
- Maulik Kartavya: Part IV-A, Article 51A. 42wen Sanshodhan (1976) se, Swaran Singh Committee ki sifarish par. Pehle 10 the, 86wen Sanshodhan (2002) se 11wan joda gaya (bachon ko shiksha ke avsar dena).
- Maulik Adhikar naagrikon ko milte hain, Kartavya naagrikon ke liye hain. Dono mein farq pareeksha mein bahut poochha jata hai.
12 Schedules
| Schedule | Vishay |
|---|---|
| 1 | Rajyon aur Kendra shasit pradeshon ki suchi |
| 2 | Rashtrapati, Rajyapal, Judge aadi ke vetan |
| 3 | Shapath aur pratigya ke roop |
| 4 | Rajya Sabha mein rajyon ki seats |
| 5 | Anusuchit kshetra aur Anusuchit Janjati ka prashasan |
| 6 | Assam, Meghalaya, Tripura, Mizoram ke janjatiya kshetra |
| 7 | Sangh, Rajya aur Samvarti suchi |
| 8 | 22 manyata prapt bhashayein |
| 9 | Bhumi sudhar kanoon (1st Sanshodhan se) |
| 10 | Dal-badal virodhi kanoon (52wen Sanshodhan, 1985) |
| 11 | Panchayati Raj (73wen Sanshodhan, 1992) |
| 12 | Nagar Palika (74wen Sanshodhan, 1992) |
Important Sanshodhan (Amendments)
Samvidhan sanshodhan ki prakriya Article 368 mein hai.
| Sanshodhan | Saal | Kya hua |
|---|---|---|
| 1st | 1951 | 9wi Schedule joda gaya, Maulik Adhikaron par ucchit pratibandh |
| 7th | 1956 | Rajyon ka punargathan |
| 42nd | 1976 | "Mini Constitution". Preamble mein 3 shabd, Maulik Kartavya |
| 44th | 1978 | Sampatti ka adhikar Maulik Adhikar se hata |
| 52nd | 1985 | Dal-badal virodhi kanoon (10wi Schedule) |
| 61st | 1989 | Matdan ki umra 21 se 18 saal |
| 73rd aur 74th | 1992 | Panchayati Raj aur Nagar Palika ko sanvaidhanik darja |
| 86th | 2002 | Art. 21A, shiksha ka adhikar |
| 101st | 2016 | GST |
| 103rd | 2019 | Aarthik roop se kamzor varg ko 10% aarakshan |
| 106th | 2023 | Lok Sabha aur Vidhan Sabha mein mahilaon ko 33% aarakshan |
Practice MCQ
Pehle jawab sochkar likho, phir kholkar dekho.
1. Constituent Assembly ki Drafting Committee ke adhyaksh kaun the?
Dr. B. R. Ambedkar. Rajendra Prasad poori Constituent Assembly ke adhyaksh the.
2. Maulik Kartavya kis desh ke Samvidhan se liye gaye?
USSR.
3. Kaun sa article Sanvaidhanik upchar ka adhikar deta hai?
Article 32.
4. Preamble mein "Samajwadi" shabd kis sanshodhan se joda gaya?
42wen Sanshodhan, 1976.
5. 10wi Schedule kis vishay par hai?
Dal-badal virodhi kanoon (52wen Sanshodhan, 1985).
6. Shiksha ka adhikar (6 se 14 saal) kaun sa article hai?
Article 21A, 86wen Sanshodhan 2002 se.
7. Samvidhan lagu kab hua?
26 January 1950. 26 November 1949 ko ye adopt hua tha.
Exam se pehle in notes ko Ctrl+P se print ya PDF bhi kar sakte ho. Is page mein MCQ ke alawa sab kuch kaagaz par bhi saaf aata hai.
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