History- The Medieval Time

 



अध्याय 5: मध्यकाल, धर्मों का उदय और महान खोजें (500 CE - 1700 CE)

 5.1: इस्लाम का उदय और स्वर्ण युग (The Islamic Golden Age)

7th Century mein Arab ke registan se ek naya dharam nikla jisne duniya ka naksha badal diya.

  • Vistar: Kuch hi saalon mein Islam Spain se lekar Bharat ki sarhadon tak phail gaya.

  • Vigyan aur Ganit: Jab Europe 'Dark Ages' mein tha, tab Baghdad ke 'House of Wisdom' mein duniya bhar ki kitabon ka anuvad (translation) ho raha tha. Algebra, Optic science, aur Medicine (Ibn Sina) mein kranti aayi.

5.2: मध्यकालीन भारत - राजपूत, सुल्तान और मुग़ल (Medieval India)

Bharat mein yeh samay bade badlavon ka tha.

  • Rajput aur Bhakti Andolan: North India mein Rajputon ka shasan tha, wahi Meera aur Kabir ne prem aur bhakti ka sandesh diya.

  • Delhi Sultanate: Qutub Minar jaisi imaratein bani aur naye kanoon aaye.

  • Mughal Empire: Babur ne shuruat ki aur Akbar ne ise ek vishal aur sahishnu (tolerant) samrajya banaya. Shah Jahan ne Taj Mahal banakar ise duniya ke ajoobon mein shamil kar diya.

 5.3: चंगेज खान और मंगोल साम्राज्य (The Mongol Empire)

History ka sabse bada lagatar samrajya (land empire) ek khanabadosh (nomadic) ne banaya.

  • Genghis Khan: Usne China se lekar Europe tak sab kuch jeet liya. Uske ghudsawar itne tez the ki koi unka muqabla nahi kar sakta tha.

  • Pax Mongolica: Is dabdabe ki wajah se raste surakshit hue aur Silk Road par vyapar fir se shuru hua.

5.4: यूरोप का पुनर्जागरण (The Renaissance)

14th se 16th century ke beech Europe ki neend khuli.

  • Kala aur Vigyan: Leonardo da Vinci (Mona Lisa) aur Michelangelo ne insani shareer aur kala ko naye dhang se dikhaya.

  • Printing Press: Gutenberg ne chhapakhane ka avishkar kiya. Ab kitabein sirf amiron ke liye nahi, balki sabke liye thi. Gyan tezi se phailne laga.

 5.5: समुद्री खोजों का युग (The Age of Discovery)

Insaan ne ab samundar ke darr ko khatam kar diya tha.

  • Christopher Columbus: 1492 mein wo 'Bharat' dhundne nikla lekin 'America' pahunch gaya.

  • Vasco da Gama: 1498 mein wo samundar ke raaste Bharat (Kozhikode) pahuncha. Isne poori duniya ke vyapar ka rasta badal diya. Ab Europe ke log direct masale aur resham kharidne lage.

5.6: ब्लैक डेथ (The Black Death)

Isi daur mein ek bhayanak bimari (Plague) ne duniya ki 30% se 60% abadi ko khatam kar diya. Isne samaj ko badalne par majboor kiya aur mazdooron ki ahmiyat badhi.


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