अध्याय 6: आधुनिक युग - क्रांतियां, साम्राज्यवाद और महायुद्ध (1700 - 1945)
6.1: औद्योगिक क्रांति (The Industrial Revolution - 1760s)
Yeh sirf machines ka aana nahi tha, balki insani samaj ka poori tarah badalna tha.
Kahan se shuru hui? Britain se, kyunki wahan koyl (coal) aur lohe (iron) ke bhandar the aur unke paas Bharat jaise upniveshon (colonies) se sasta kacha maal (raw material) aa raha tha.
Key Inventions: * James Watt (1781): Steam Engine ne karkhanon ko nadiyon ke kinare se hatakar kahin bhi lagane ki azadi di.
Spinning Jenny: Kapda udyog mein kranti aayi.
Railways (1830s): George Stephenson ne pehli commercial train chalayi, jisne vyapar ki raftar kai guna badha di.
Prabhav: Isse 'Capitalism' (Poonjivaad) ka janam hua aur ek naya 'Working Class' (Mazdoor varg) paida hua.
6.2: प्रबोधन काल और राजनीतिक क्रांतियां (The Enlightenment & Revolutions)
Europe ke darsnikon (Locke, Rousseau, Voltaire) ne kaha ki raja 'Bhagwan ka roop' nahi hai, balki jan-pratinidhi hona chahiye.
American Revolution (1776): 13 colonies ne British Raj ke khilaf 'No Taxation Without Representation' ka nara diya. Thomas Jefferson ne 'Declaration of Independence' likha.
French Revolution (1789): Bastille ka qila toda gaya. Raja Louis XVI ko fansi di gayi. Isne duniya ko teen shabd diye: Liberty (Azaadi), Equality (Samanta), aur Fraternity (Bhai-chara).
Napoleon Bonaparte: France ki kranti se nikla ek senapati jisne lagbhag poore Europe ko jeet liya. Usne 'Napoleonic Code' lagoo kiya jisme barabar adhikar aur nap-tol (metric system) ki shuruat hui.
6.3: भारत में ब्रिटिश साम्राज्यवाद (Colonialism in India)
Plassey (1757) aur Buxar (1764): In do yuddhon ne East India Company ko Bengal ka asli malik bana diya.
Economic Drain: Dada Bhai Naoroji ne 'Drain of Wealth' theory di, jisme bataya gaya ki kaise Angrez Bharat ka paisa London bhej rahe hain.
1857 ka Vidroh: Yeh pehla bada jhatka tha. Iske baad British Crown ne company se raj apne hath mein le liya.
Socio-Religious Reforms: Raja Ram Mohan Roy aur Jyotirao Phule jaise sudharakon ne Sati pratha aur chhuachhoot ke khilaf awaz uthayi.
6.4: प्रथम विश्व युद्ध (World War I: 1914 - 1918)
Karan: Imperialism (colonies ke liye hod), Militarism, aur 'Triple Entente' vs 'Triple Alliance' ke gupt samjhote.
Ghatna: Sarajevo mein Archduke Franz Ferdinand ki hatya ne aag lagayi.
Trench Warfare: Sainikon ne saalon tak khandako mein guzaare. Pehli baar Tank, Airplane, aur Submarines (U-boats) ka yuddh mein istemal hua.
Versailles ki Sandhi (1919): Germany par bahut bhari jurmana lagaya gaya aur use 'War Guilt' ka zimmedar thehraya gaya. Isne hi Dusre Vishwa Yuddh ka beej boya.
6.5: दो युद्धों के बीच का काल (1919 - 1939)
Russian Revolution (1917): Tsar ka raj khatam hua aur Vladimir Lenin ke netrutva mein duniya ka pehla Communist desh (USSR) bana.
Great Depression (1929): New York Stock Exchange girne se poori duniya ki economy barbad ho gayi.
Fascism aur Nazism: Italy mein Mussolini aur Germany mein Adolf Hitler ka uday hua. Hitler ne kaha ki wo Germany ko dobara mahan banayega aur Versailles ki sandhi ka badla lega.
6.6: द्वितीय विश्व युद्ध (World War II: 1939 - 1945)
Yeh manav itihaas ka sabse bhayanak sangharsh tha.
Axis Powers (Germany, Italy, Japan) vs Allied Powers (UK, USA, USSR, France).
Holocaust: Hitler ne 'Final Solution' ke naam par 60 lakh Yahudiyon ka narsanhar kiya.
Turning Points: * Stalingrad ki Jung: Russia ne Hitler ki fauj ko peeche dhakela.
Pearl Harbor: Japan ne America ke navy base par hamla kiya, jisse USA yuddh mein kood pada.
Bharat ka Role: 25 lakh Bhartiya sainik lade. Subhash Chandra Bose ne INA (Azad Hind Fauj) banayi.
Ant (August 1945): America ne Japan ke Hiroshima aur Nagasaki par 'Little Boy' aur 'Fat Man' naam ke atom bomb giraye.
6.7: 1945 ke Baad ka Badlav
United Nations (UN): 24 October 1945 ko UN bana taaki Teesra Vishwa Yuddh na ho.
Decolonization: Britain kamzor ho chuka tha, jisse Bharat (1947) samet kai desh azad hue.
Cold War ki Shuruat: America aur Russia ke beech power ki hod shuru hui.
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